Summary-writing 

Ø       Shorter than the original (about ¼ as long)

Ø       Paraphrased (indirect speech; NOT copied and NOT quoted)

Ø       Main ideas and key examples only

Ø       Introduces the source (author’s name, title of essay)

Ø       No personal opinion or information not contained in the original except for the concluding sentence

Ø       Present tense verbs whenever possible

Ø       Reporting verbs and noun clauses

Ex:  He says that addiction is common.

         S        V        NC      (noun clause is a dependent clause and is the object)