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STUDY GUIDE
Textbook: Fundamentals of Chemistry, 4th. Edition by Ralph. R. Burns. Chapter 1 * Scientific approach of solving problems*The Scientific Method Chapter 2 *Difference between mass and weight. * Three physical states of matter. *Changing the states of matter: The physical change processes and the corresponding temperatures. *Difference between solid, liquid and gas concerning the particle properties. *Miscible and immiscible liquids. * Viscosity. *To recognize Elements and compounds. * To recognize pure substance and mixture. *To recognize homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. *To recognize chemical and physical changes. *The law of mass of conservation in a chemical reaction. *The law of energy conservation. *To recognize potential energy and kinetic energy. *Energy involved in a chemical reaction: endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 3 *Writing numbers in scientific notation. *multiplying and dividing of scientific notations (exponents). *To recognize exact numbers and measured numbers. * to count the number of significant figures. *To determine the number of significant figures for multiplication, division, addition and subtraction operations. *To round off the numbers to the appropriate number of significant figures. *To recognize SI units and prefixes in the metric system. *To perform unit conversions through dimensional analysis. *To perform calculations for density getting density, mass and volume. Also performing the unit conversions for mass and volume in the density formula. *To understand the concept of specific gravity. *To recognize accuracy and precision. *To convert the temperature units: F------> C, C------> F, C-------> K, K------> C, F----> K, K------> F. *To perform the heat calculations: To obtain mass, heat transferred, specific gravity, initial temperature and final temperature. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 4 *to recognize the symbol of an element. *To recognize metals, nonmetals, metalloids and noble gasses and their properties from the periodic table. *To understand the concept of molecule and atom and to recognize them. *To recognize diatomic elements: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2. *To understand the concept of the Law of Definite Proportions. *Dalton's Law: To recognize the chemical formula for a given compound; to recognize the type of atoms and number of each atom in a given compound. *To understand and to apply the atomic mass unit (amu). *To learn and understand the particle structure of atom : atomic number, mass number charge of atom and charge of the particles in atom. *To find the particle structure of a given atom from the periodic table. *To recognize the isotopes of a given element (atom). *To calculate the average atomic mass of a given element (atom) from its corresponding isotopes. *To understand the concept of moles and to recognize the Avogadro's number. *To perform these calculations: mole -------> g, g-------mole, mole -------> number of atoms or molecules, number of molecules or atoms ------> mole, g -------> number of atoms or molecules, number of atoms or molecules ---------> g. *To calculate molar mass from a given chemical formula. *To perform these calculations: molar mass -----> g, g-----> molar mass, molar mass -------> number or atoms or molecules, number of atoms or molecules ----> molar mass. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 5 *To understand the concept of wave-particle properties of light. *To understand the concept of wavelength, frequency and energy of photon. *To relationship between wavelength, frequency and energy of photon. *To study the different regions of electromagnetic radiation according to their wavelength, ferquency and energy. *To understand the concept of spectroscopy technique, spectrum and spectra. *To learn how the electrons are distributed in a given atom for the first 20 elements in the periodic table.. *To learn and recognize the energy levels of electrons: ground and excited electronic states. *To recognize the valence electrons for a given atom. *To draw the Lewis symbol for a given atom. *To understand, learn and apply the electronic structure of given atom, considering the main energy levels, sublevels (orbitals), and spin quantum number of electrons. *To learn the energy sequence of orbitals. *To write complete electronic configuration and valence electronic configuration of a given atom. *To recognize the difference between main group element and transition group element. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 6 *To name and to write the formulas of binary ionic and polyatomic ionic compounds including main group and transition group elements. *To name and to write the formulas of molecular compounds. *Naming oxyanions. *Naming oxyacids and binary acids. *Work on the nomenclature exercise given for lab. and the problems in the textbook (Fundamentals of Chemistry, 3rd. Edition by Ralph. R. Burns). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 7 *To recognize main group and transition group elements from the periodic table. *To identify metals, nonmetals, metalloids and noble gases from the periodic table. *To compare the size of different atoms and ions. *To compare the ionization energy of different atoms and ions. *Reading assignment: p.: 198-214. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 8 *To recognize the type of chemical bond (ionic bond and covalent bond) in a given compound. *To understand the mechanism of ionic bond and covalent bond. *To draw the Lewis structure of elements, ionic and molecular compounds. *To determine the polarity and non polarity of chemical bonds from the electronegativity numbers. *To determine the molecular shape. *To determine the polarity and non polarity of molecules. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 9 *To convert moles ---------> mass, mass ----------> moles, moles ---------> number of particles, number of particles ----------> moles, mass ------> number of particles and number of particles -------> mass. Using Avogadro's number for number of particles. *To perform composition calculations for a given compound. *To calculate the mass% of elements in a given compound or to perform calculations in percent composition. *To calculate molarity. *To obtain the moles of compound (solute) and volume of solution from molarity. *To perform calculations in solution preparation by dilution. *To determine the empirical formula for a given compound. *to determine the molecular formula for a given compound. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 10 *To recognize the reactant side and product side in a given chemical equation. *To balance a chemical equation. To recognize the type of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, combustion, single replacement and double replacement reactions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 11 *To perform calculations in order to obtain the moles or mass of a desired chemical involving moles & masses and molar solutions. *To determine the limiting reactant and using it to obtain the chemical quantities. *To perform calculations to determine the percent yield. *To understand and recognize the endothermic and exothermic reactions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 12 *To understand and apply gas laws to solve the related problems: Bolye's law, Charles's law, Gay-Lussac law, combined gas law, Avogadro's law, ideal gas law and Dalton's law for mixture of gasses. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 13 *To recognize the difference between solid, gas and liquid. *To recognize and understand the difference between intraionic forces and interionic forces. *To understand and reocgnize` the difference between intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces. *To understand and recognize the dipole forces, hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces for a given molecule. *To understand the concept of viscosity and its relation to intermolecular forces and temperature. *To relate the surface tension to intermolecular forces. *To understand the vaporization and condensation processes and to calculate the corresponding energy for the physical state changes. *To recognize different types of solids. *To understand the melting and freezing processes and to calculate the corresponding energy for the physical changes. *To understand the temperature changes during heating and cooling processes. *To understand the difference between the density of solid water and liquid water. *To calculate the total energy for various physical changes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 14 *To recognize solute and solvent in a given solution. *To recognize homogeneous mixture. *To recognize the types of solutions. *To understand the concept of solubility and solving the related problems. *To solve the problems related to molarity: to get the molarity of a solution, moles of solute and volume of solution. *To solve the problems related to volume% and mass%. *To solve the problems related to preparation of solutions by dilution (V1*C1=V2*C2). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 15 *To understand the collision theory and to relate it to collision theory. *To understand the reaction rate. *To study and understand the factors affecting the reaction rate. *To study and understand the activation energy and transition compound related to the reaction rate. *To study and understand the chemical equilibrium: the relationship between the rate of forward reaction and rate of reverse reaction and the concentration of reactants and products *To write and understand the equilibrium constant expression for a given chemical equilibrium. *To calculate the value of equilibrium constant and the concentration of reactants and products at equilibrium. *To predict the direction of reaction for a given chemical equilibrium upon changing heat and concentration of reactants and products (Le Chatelier's Principle). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 16 *To recognize the behavior of Arrhenius acid and base . *To recognize the strength of acids and bases through their Ka and Kb numerical values. *To write and predict the reaction of acids with base, metal, metal oxides and metal sulfides, carbonates and bicarbonates. *To predict and write the reaction of base with acid and transition metals. *To recognize the behavior of amphoteric metals, amphoteric metal oxides and amphoteric hydroxides. *To recognize Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. *To build up the conjugates base for a given acid. *To build up the conjugate acid for a given base. *To recognize Lewis acid and Lewis base. *To calculate pH from [H+] or [OH-]. *To calculate [H+] from pH or pOH. *To predict the acidity, basicity or neutral of a given solution. *To recognize the behavior of Buffer solutions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 17 *To get the oxidation number of elements. *To determine which element has been oxidized and which element has been reduced for a given oxidation-reduction reaction. *To determine oxidizing agent and reducing agent for a given oxidation-reduction reaction. *To balance oxidation-reduction reactions.
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