1. James Madison and the "mischief of factions"
   1. Take away their freedom?
   2. Design government in a way that takes factions into account and forces them to compromise
2. The Madisonian Model
   1. Separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism
   2. Multiple points of access
3. Funtionalism, Systems Theory, and Interest Groups
   1. Interest Aggregation
   2. Interest Articulattion
4. Lobbying
   1. Direct Lobbying
      1. Cash Gifts and Contributions
         1. 1974 Federal Elections Campaign Act
         2. political action committees (PACs)
         3. Federal Elections Commission
         4. "hard" versus "soft" contributions
      2. Information
         1. Iron Triangles
         2. Policy Networks
         3. Litigation
   2. Indirect Lobbying
      1. mass advertising
      2. grassroots mobilization
      3. protest