County Governments

1. Federalism and its Alternatives
   1. Unitary Systems
   2. Confederal Systems
   3. Federalism

2. The Distribution of State and Federal Powers
   1. The U.S. Constitution does specify some distribution of powers:

      	Federal	Both	States
      Powers Granted	Enumerated Implied	Concurrent	Reserved
      Powers Denied	Article I Sect. 9 Civil Liberties	Bills of Attainder Ex post facto Titles of nobility	Article 1, Sect. 10

   2. Powers Granted
      1. Enumerated/Express/Delegated
         1. declarations of war
         2. print paper money
      2. Implied
         1. space program
      3. Reserved
         1. police powers
            1. health
            2. safety
            3. morals
      4. Concurrent
         1. public welfare
         2. dual judiciary
   3. Powers Denied
      1. Civil Liberties
         1. Hamilton's Opposition
            1. dangerous?
            2. unnecessary?
         2. Jefferson's Response
      2. Article I, Section 10
      3. Miscellaneous
   4. Main areas of ambiguity:
      1. Necessary and Proper Clause (I:8)
      2. Reserved Powers (10th amendment)
      3. Supremacy Clause (VI:2)

3. Federalism and the U.S. Supreme Court
   1. The John Marshall Court (1801-35)
      1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
      2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
      3. Dartmouth College Case (1819)
   2. Taney Court (1836-64)
      1. Charles River Bridge Case (1837)
      2. Cooley v. Board of Wardens of Port of Philadelphia (1852)
      3. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

4. The U.S. Civil War

5. Reconstruction, 1866-77
   1. 13th Amendment (1865)--abolition
   2. 14th Amendment (1868)--citzenship
   3. 15th Amendment (1870)--voting rights

6. The Compromise of 1877
   1. Era of Dual Federalism (1877-1932)
   2. The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

7. Fiscal Federalism
   1. Without effective regulation, the national economy grew rapidly after 1870
      1. But the "business cycle" grew unstable and a Great Depression (1929-41) stuck the nation:
      2. By 1932, 25 percent of the country was destitute
      3. The federal government was also a small player
      4. Herbert Hoover (R, 1929-1933)

      Year	State Spending	Local Spending	Federal Spending
      1929	23%	60%	17%
      1939	23%	30%	47%
      2001	20%	19%	61%

8. The New Deal (1933-41) and Great Society (1964-69)
   1. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D, 1933-45)
   2. Federal Revenues
   3. Categorical Grants in Aid

9. New Federalism
   1. Richard M. Nixon (R, 1969-74)
      1. General Revenue Sharing (formula grants) and
      2. Block Grants
   2. President Reagan (R, 1981-89)
      1. Cut grants
      2. Cut federal taxes
      3. Deregulate and privatize
      4. Federal Debt
      5. Federal Expenditures

10. Recent Supreme Court Cases bolstering states' power
    1. Printz v. United States (1997)
       • Tenth Amendment and Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993
    2. United States v. Lopez (1995)
       • Commerce Clause and the Gun-Free Zones Act of 1990
    3. United States v. Morrison (2000)
       • Commerce Clause and the Violence against Women Act of 1994
    4. Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)
       • Eleventh Amendment and federal age-discrimination law